1 0 obj Sub-nationalists are individuals or groups who advocate for greater autonomy or self-determination for a particular region or locality within a country. But the challenges the "giant of Africa" faces are still grave. The British kept Muslim states in the North largely intact in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and governed them indirectly. Catalonia routinely calls for full independence from Spain. Decolonization: Many regions that were conquered during colonial times are wanting to become independent and sovereign nations. 3 - The National Assembly Complex in Abuja, built in 1999. Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. For example, the city of Quebec is built at the original head of navigation on the St. Lawrence River. This time, they went for the US model: a president as head of government and head of state, over the Executive Branch; a Judicial Branch; a Legislative Branch with a bicameral legislature (National Assembly with Senate and House of Representatives). Sometimes, these boundaries change suddenly because of armed conflict or states change gradually through the process of devolution. This enormously powerful figure promised to restore power to the people in a 3rd Republic in 1993, but it never happened, though a new constitution was drafted. Prior to the 1980s France was one of the most centralized states in the world. There are many serious challenges facing countries today. Agricultural Hearths | Diffusion of Agriculture, Geography & Origins, Service Distribution: Central Place Theory & Market-Area Analysis. Ethnicity and religion increase cultural cohesion in the country by promoting shared political ideology. Throughout history, there have been examples of devolution in some of the major countries that still exist today. They are called centrifugal forces, and some examples of these forces are religious, ethno-cultural, economic, and spatial differences and can lead to devolution. The strong devolutionary forces that advocate for nation-state status are challenged by the need to belong to a larger union for economic survival. He has a Masters in Education from Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. False. In 1997, native Hawaiians demanded the return of certain rights lost during the occupation of the island nation by the United States. :DQ5 vy::jYg2IyMl_s pOw}] G.Xj.Yr[:t'&oTe(X=LJ. Catalonia has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and cultural affairs within its borders. Japan and Lesotho are good examples of nation-states. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. These organizations range from stateless terrorist groups to cultural minorities within the state, to other countries seeking to expand their political-territorial aims. Successes of Nigeria's devolutionary strategy include a constitution that guarantees basic freedoms and allows people to rule themselves according to different forms and combinations of laws. and possible pandemicsin such an age we are faced with the strange centrifugal force of devolution as many people lose faith in centralized authorities to solve their problems. Extradition Overview, Laws & Examples | What is Extradition? - Definition, Violations & History, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Can you allow people basic freedoms, including voting, and assume they won't use this power to break away anyway? - Definition & History, What is a Prosecutor? The Yugoslav region includes several ethnicities including Serb, Bosniak, Croat, Albanian, and Macedonian - to name a few. The state or the military takes total control and can quell any rebellion or civil conflict before it begins. But what if the attic kids feel like they need to make different rules because their space is different than the basement kids? Obviously lost in population, and breaking up of families. The United Kingdom is an example of devolution because England has given some powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland who are the other countries in the United Kingdom. When the Labour government of Tony Blair won power in 1997, it pledged to introduce another set of devolution proposals. She's still a member of the household, but she can make more decisions for herself. There had been the simplest governing structure modern Nigeria has seen, with just three regions representing major ethnic/religious nations: Western Region (Yoruba/traditional religions), Eastern Region (Igbo/Christian), Northern Region (Hausa and Fulani/Muslim). Kurdistan has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and economic development within its borders. Regional economic differences 3. In 2014, Scotland held a vote for full independence. Many of Nigeria's ethnic groups once ruled powerful states such as the Sokoto Caliphate (1804-1903, Fulani), the Kanem-Bornu Empire (which lasted over 1,000 years), and so forth. It's made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and is governed by Parliament in London. Autonomous regions are often established in federal systems of government, where power is divided between the central government and regional or local authorities. %PDF-1.5 Nigeria has grown from three regions to 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja), evolving an increasingly complex system with a balance of powers modeled largely on the US system but with an inheritance from the British system and numerous local systems as well. The First Nigerian Republic lasted three years and ended in a coup. If the central government makes the decision that benefit a physically different area, those who do not live in the areas they benefit may want to leave. Another example of devolution is Spain. The military governed reunited Nigeria until 1979 when there was a 4-year democratic interlude called the Second Nigerian Republic, with a new constitution. because of the conflicts and divisions that have occurred there. Examples of spatial factors causing devolution are Corsica for France, Sardinia for Italy, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesians. C. Describe how regional economic differences contribute to devolutionary pressures within a country. police: Decentralized police organizations, https://www.britannica.com/topic/devolution-government-and-politics, The Scottish Government - History of Devolution. The two nations were engaged in military battles for years, so it's understandable that the Scots don't want to live under the same laws as the English. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Devolution: the process of decentralization; central governments cede powers to regional governments, usually to grant autonomy, but not full independence, to ethnic nations and other groups with regional territories. Economic factors: Economic considerations, such as the distribution of wealth and resources across different regions or localities, can also influence the devolutionary process. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Transfer of decision making power from a central government to a lower level or the break up of states. Its name comes from an Algonquin word for "where the river narrows." . 1. Show answer Answer Ambazonia Show question Question If you look at many modern day boundaries, you will see they are geometric, drawn up by Europeans during the colonial period, with no regard to ethnic division. Yugoslavia was ruled by Tito for many decades after WWII as a member of the non-aligned movement. Devolution: the political process in which subdivisions are granted autonomy and functional powers on a provincial basis. Independent Nigeria's first government was a parliamentary system modeled on the UK. Scotland is in a constant battle for devolution with England and was recently denied further devolution from England in 2014. Some may be largely symbolic, while others can speak for entire cultural groups on many important issues. The central government still has some influence, such as borrowing money and levying taxes, but the local regions maintain a very large area of local control. The basement kids can't get their room warm enough in the winter. During the 1980s and 90s, however, support for devolution increased in both countries, particularly because, despite the fact that voters in both Scotland and Wales elected Labour candidates to the House of Commons by an overwhelming majority, the national government in London was dominated continuously for more than 18 years by the Conservative Party (197997). The Federal government is still sovereign and maintains powers over foreign policy and defense, but each state can govern itself. Quebec independence movement: The Quebec independence movement is a political movement in Quebec, an autonomous region in eastern Canada, that seeks independence from Canada. - Definition, Examples, Pros & Cons, Autocracy: Definition, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages & Examples, Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Summary & Overview, Devolution: Definition, Theory & Examples, Executive Agreement: Definition & Examples, Executive Privilege: Definition & Examples, Freedom from Self-Incrimination: Definition & Overview, Freedom from Unreasonable Search and Seizure: Definition & Amendment, Gibbons v. Ogden: Summary, Decision & Impact, Sedition Act of 1798: Definition & Summary, Texas v. Johnson in 1989: Summary, Decision & Significance, The Case of McCulloch v. Maryland: Summary, Decision & Significance, The Commerce Clause: Definition, Analysis & Cases, The Establishment Clause: Definition & Cases, The Right to Bear Arms: Definition, Amendment & Debate, The Supremacy Clause: Definition & Example, What is Freedom of the Press? In Canada, devolution has granted Quebec more . . Tibet: Tibet is an autonomous region in China with a high degree of self-governance and a unique cultural and religious identity. In Italy, the richer north pushed for autonomy from the poorer south. Ethnic nations have rivalries stretching back centuries. Disputes often arise over boundaries when countries disagree over the superimposed boundaries that split ethnic groups. Ethnic nations have rivalries stretching back centuries. If you chose religion as a centripetal force, you might talk about Hinduism in . regional, state, or local governments). Europeans used military force, cultural domination, and formal control from the mother country to monitor their territories. Europeans are caught between holding on to cultural heritage and moving forward economically in a competitive global economy. - Definition & Meaning, Witness: Definition & Role in Criminology, What is a Public Defender? EXAMPLES: Czechoslovakia divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia, ethnic. Before we can discuss devolution, we need to understand the concepts of political geography, which involves states, territories, and boundaries, which are all interrelated and vital to the study of AP Human Geography. The creation of new countries has been possible as a result of devolutionary forces. Countries with remote frontiers, isolated villages, rugged topography, or islands seek to be separate from their countrys central government. In Spain, in 1979, Basque and Catalonia signed autonomy agreements where they have their own parliaments, their languages have official status, and they have control over education and taxation. Relinquishing of autonomy to internal units, Process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. Physical geography can cause isolation due to natural features. Our planet is divided into political units called countries or states. 1. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? This desire for greater autonomy can lead to protest, and even violence. But if the parents agree that the kids in the attic can have some leeway to make their own rules and do the same for the rest of the rooms in the house, the parents power becomes decentralized because they are giving it up to the individual rooms in the house. Countries such as Spain and Nigeria face devolutionary pressures. What system of government does Nigeria use? For a multinational state with 500+ languages spoken and strong animosities between South and North, this was a way tensions could ease, it was thought. Now with over 200 million people and Africa's largest economy, Nigeria has survived as a single country despite enormous problems. Farmers resent crop destruction by cattle; pastoralists resent farmers blocking cattle from free movement and water sources. Babangida, who restored freedom of the press and carried out other measures to reform the system. Taiwan, Corsica, Puerto Rico, and Sardinia are all exmaples of countries who are experiencing devolution. A major achievement has been increasing self-determination and local rule (there are 774 local government areas) with freedoms constitutionally guaranteed at all levels. See the devolution definition and devolution examples. The southern states had different political views when it came to slavery and wanted to have their own laws regarding slaves. @XOZ? #^X %K9/XvnP }KjaT%]gFN3IeZ9,)~m[a Gsv$i]qwI{-IR)} TA?S$kQrjPk Nigeria is a federal republic with separation of powers and substantial power devolved to the state level and four types of judicial systems. This is significant because the Ijaw were on the federal side in the Biafra War. Cultural diversity 2. More from Mr. SinnUltimate Review Packets:AP Human Geography: https://bit.ly/3JNaRqMAP Psychology: https://bit.ly/3vs9s43APHG Teacher Resources: https://bit.. Some of the world's most contentious and vexing disputes involve territory in: Crimea. A nation is a group of unified people with a common culture. Centripetal forces unify a state by providing stability and creating solidarity. Conversely, unitary states are characterized by a strong central government. In 1989, the Iron Curtain collapsed, the Berlin Wall fell, and the devolution process was instrumental in forming the contemporary states present today in Eastern Europe. Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. succeed. For example, centrifugal forces divide a state and can lead to a disruption of internal order or balkanization. This agreement established a devolved government in Northern Ireland. Devolution is very similar to federalism. The United States is not immune to devolutionary forces. Devolution in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom, is a great example of devolution due to heritage. The parents own the house and make the rules. Violet is 19 years old, goes to community college, and still lives at home. Devolution became a major political issue in the United Kingdom beginning in the early 1970s. Economic Devolutionary Forces Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements 3a. Ukraine is a multi-ethnic state with a complex political landscape, and regional and ethnic tensions have contributed to the emergence of competing power centers. This type of dispute is still evident today in the Horn of Africa. Religious wars date back centuries. It has devolved some more of its powers to mayoralities, such as those in London and Greater Manchester, who have influence over things like transport policy. Unity, in other words, is not a quick or easy process. International factors: International factors, such as the influence of international organizations or the presence of regional or international actors, can also shape the devolutionary process. Those challenges are rooted in history and countries (also called states) must deal with the boundaries left to them by past generations. More importantly to you as a citizen of planet Earth, understanding political geography helps you to make sense of the news headlines reporting conflicts and territorial disputes on a daily basis. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. Physical geography and territorial size C. Identify and explain ONE political impact resulting from devolutionary pressures related to cultural differences in either Spain or Nigeria. In some cases, sub-nationalism may be motivated by a sense of injustice or discrimination, or by a desire to have a greater say in the decisions that affect the region or locality. j9*az';zpM_p-R\_&8$UU>aX2dE1L6d0>(-RH@Cdn3B2]XQG^a .;H . **Distance Decay** Examples of physical/spatial factors include: Corsica for France, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesia The United States is not immune to devolutionary forces. D. Describe how physical geography and territorial size contributes todevolutionary pressures within a country. The movement is driven by a desire to protect Catalan culture and language, and to give the people of Catalonia more control over their own affairs. The movement is driven by a desire to protect Flemish culture and language, and to give the people of Flanders more control over their own affairs. Breakup of a state (balkanization), Breakup of a state, e.g., Yugoslavia/Balkans, former U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Austria-Hungary, British India. In some cases, autonomous regions may have the power to legislate on certain issues, such as education or health care, or to raise and spend revenue. Nigeria has pursued decentralization progressively since independence in the 1960s and is now in the Fourth Republic. She has a bachelor's degree in History, and a master's degree in International Relations. The main reason that centralized governments give way to devolution and a decentralized model is because the different regions under the central government have vastly different ethnic, religions and traditional heritages. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Alternatively, a region may be populated by a particular ethnicity that has its own identity different than the dominant ethnic identity in the nation. With a federalist government, the power granted to local regions is guaranteed by the constitution, so it cannot be revoked. Ethnic separatism occurs when minority groups fight for independence. The notion of the modern state developed in Europe in the early eighteenth century. This AP Human Geography study guide is going to seek to describe the concept of devolution through the lens of the contemporary political-territorial world order. The national government in Paris had to give prior approval for all major decisions made by the rgions, dpartements, and communes, ranging from their annual budget to the names of new schools or streets. )Which of the following examples would be considered a devolutionary force? Meanwhile, tensions in Northern Ireland were running high. The central government may agree to devolution to ensure that a region remains part of the country but stops stirring up trouble. FRQ Examples Free-Response Question 1: No stimulus For FRQ 1, you will receive a short piece of background text followed by a series of questions. One force at play in devolutionary movements is ethno-cultural in nature. The states were required to revise district boundaries based on census data. Groups that have ethno-nationalist views see themselves as distinct nations with the right to control their own territory. They may have a lot of power, just not governing power. For example, supporters of states rights in the United States favoured diffusing power away from Washington, D.C., toward state and local governments.
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