preventing vicarious trauma: what counselors should know

Reviewed by Michelle Quirk. Treating therapists with vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress disorders. A counselor experiencing VT can report many of the symptoms associated with both VT and subthreshold PTSD. Secondary traumatic stress among child protective service workers: Prevalence, severity and predictive factors. Suo, X., Zuo, C., Lan, H., Pan, N., Zhang, X., Kemp, G. J., Wang, S., & Gong, Q. PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5). The purpose of this article is to describe vicarious trauma and summarize the recent research literature related to this construct. Are you experiencing compassion fatigue? For this reason, vicarious In particular, symptoms, ABSTRACT This study features an examination of selected personal (e.g., spirituality, personal trauma history) and practice variables (e.g., career longevity, caseload, peer supervision) that may, A survey of 558 mental health and law enforcement professionals assessed current and past trauma experiences, exposure to traumatic client material, and the sequelae of both types of personal and. Descriptive statistics based on participants responses indicated symptoms of VT and subthreshold PTSD are being experienced by practicing counselors. Alexandria, VA: Author. Such events confront our mortality and usher in dramatic emotional responses that can range from self-denial to unpredictable mood swings, flashbacks, and other manifested physical symptomology. In an effort to best prepare students who will work with these populations, an understanding of exactly which aspects of working with these clients increase VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms is essential. It will be important for future research to explore what barriers to professional supports counselors face in these different demographic communities. And, although empathy is implicated, anomalies aside, it is hard not to empathize by virtue of our human-ness in some fashion when we see others hurt or hear about it. Performance-based Objectives: Students will know or be able to: 1. Van der Kolk, B. There also was a significant relationship between subthreshold PTSD symptoms and avoidance symptoms (r = .759, p < .001), and between subthreshold PTSD symptoms and arousal symptoms (r = .790, p < .001). A. Source: SB Arts Media/Adobe Stock Photos. Psychometric data for the STSS indicates very good internal consistency reliability with coefficient alpha levels of .93 for the total STSS scale, .80 for the Intrusion subscale, .87 for the Avoidance subscale, and .83 for the Arousal subscale (Bride et al., 2004). Secondary traumatic stress: A fact sheet for child-serving professionals. 1r8 ~Z+:/ztNtI-}c!=KX7zZe_=ph#94}fOoll^G 9'yI k 7?zBU_am2e^~?8S!q_hbAfAs]!,_/iX8p[~J+>LKA$OT|@r5 ]&iZe` ;6U]{:}O}N?!tL'@wzC*_=`@ g)-''>~I&IcI Future studies on VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms need to focus solely on clinical mental health counselors or school counselors to develop implications specific to counseling sites. w0VfD2`sssPOpf|` T;GYB[u Ann Arbor, MI: Counseling Outfitters. Burnout doesn't happen overnight but instead occurs over time. Health & Social Work, 40(2), 2531. There were two significant relationships within this regression in the restricted model of the regression. Counselor Educator and Supervisor Implications. The semi-partial correlation between caseload and VT symptoms was -.173, while the semi-partial correlation between supervision and VT symptoms was -.150. The PCL-5 is a revision of the PTSD Checklist (PCL) that specifically assesses self-report measures of PTSD symptoms as outlined in the DSM-5 (Blevins et al., 2015). It's the busy bee who may get stung ultimately. It is often accompanied by symptoms similar to those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which occur as a result of secondary exposure to traumatic material that can result in a cognitive shift in the way the therapist experiences self, others, and the world (Jordan, 2010; Michalopoulos & Aparicio, 2012). Secondary sources of trauma, such as hearing a co-worker's retelling of their own trauma, can invoke vicarious trauma. People in the helping professionscounselors and therapists, rescue workers, police officers, doctors, and lawyersmay be at risk of vicarious traumatization. Vicarious trauma can happen to people who engage with trauma survivors or witness traumatic events, especially on a repetitive basis. Torture survivors engage in psychological services to pursue a wide range of goals, from single symptom reduction to addressing the complex effects of torture on their families and communities. The Trauma of Children of People with Addiction, 4 Somatic Therapy Exercises for Healing from Trauma, The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes the Brain. [%8N0 j ;30`d``^`o( e WebPreventing Vicarious Trauma: What Counselors Should Know When Working With Trauma Survivors Robyn L. Trippany, Corresponding Author Robyn L. Trippany Department of The so-called self-diagnosis of mental health conditions, such as ADHD and DID, is an influential trend among young people on social media. A counselor experiencing VT is more likely to make clinical errors, and VT can negatively impact the counseling relationship (Trippany et al., 2004). (2009). This overall correlation is unlikely due to chance (F = 8.159, p < .001). Therapist vicarious trauma and burnout when treating military sexual trauma. How Blame and Shame Can Fuel Depression in Rape Victims, Getting More Hugs Is Linked to Fewer Symptoms of Depression, Interacting With Outgroup Members Reduces Prejudice, Practice Improves the Potential for Future Plasticity, How Financial Infidelity Can Affect Your Gray Divorce, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21, 646664. Psychological effects of torture vary considerably. To help prevent compassion fatigue and foster compassion satisfaction, use these strategies: Focus on the four core components of resilience (adequate sleep, healthy eating, regular physical activity, and active relaxation). Novice counselors tend to have limited experience with trauma and often have limited training relevant to working with trauma (Newell & MacNeil, 2010; Parker & Henfield, 2012). This was just a few years after 9/11. If you spend your day taking care of other people, you may be taking on their stress, experiences, or even their trauma. N bb:W,. The Washington Post. The purpose of this article The phenomenon they term vicarious traumatization, The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effects on counselors of working with sexual violence survivors. Vicarious trauma is a very real thing that can manifest as a subtle phenomena, and it is important that therapists are keeping an eye on their own process when doing trauma work with clients, explained Mahlet Endale, a licensed psychologist based in Atlanta. xcd```d`LM V'`Iv002qySu74#` D e This finding is similar to that found by the STSS in that over 85% of participants had unwanted thoughts about experiences with clients outside of work. Feeling distant or cut off from other people? Keim et al. q@'@CtI#1Elm$)VFJC8z^X*al:L2E Therefore the presence of a trauma unit within a hospital created the ideal opportunity for novice, The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the relationship between vicarious trauma (VT) symptoms and subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among practicing, View 5 excerpts, cites background and results. https://ovc.ojp.gov/program/vtt/glossary-terms, Immediate, unlimited access to all AFP content, Immediate, unlimited access to this issue's content. (Jimenez et al., 2021b). See permissionsforcopyrightquestions and/or permission requests. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82, 3137. COVID-19 Where We are and the Path Ahead. Vicarious trauma, or counselors developing trauma reactions secondary to exposure to clients traumatic experiences, is not uncommon. This secondary exposure to trauma often results in the professionals experiencing the, Within the context of their new constructivist self-development theory, the authors discuss therapists' reactions to clients' traumatic material. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.009, Cornille, T. A., & Meyers, T. W. (1999). But sometimes, dissociation keeps happening long after the trauma ends. ), cardiologists (persistent chest pain), gastroenterologists (persistent abdominal pain), and neurologists (intractable headaches and history of traumatic brain injury). Symptoms of VT and Subthreshold PTSD Experienced by Practicing Counselors. Text entry was utilized to understand the type and number of professional supports respondents identified: supervision, peer support, years of experience, training specific to trauma, caseload size, and self-care implementation. My patients have it much worse than me. What is the best way to approach my colleague about these changes in behavior? These findings are consistent with prior literature that has indicated sexual assault counselors report more VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms. A linear backward regression with the PCL-5 measuring subthreshold PTSD symptoms was entered as the dependent variable, and the subscales of the STSS, measuring VT symptoms, were entered as the independent variables. The vicarious effects of treating female rape survivors: The therapists perspective (Doctoral dissertation). Six respondents (2.7%) reported less than one year of cumulative counseling experience, 50 (22.7%) reported 13 years of cumulative counseling experience, 31 (14.1%) reported 45 years of cumulative counseling experience, 47 (21.4%) reported 610 years of cumulative counseling experience, and 72 (32.7%) reported 10 years or more of cumulative counseling experience. Because of this studys finding that working primarily with adolescents and individuals who have experienced sexual assault or domestic violence increases counselors chances of experiencing VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms, a qualitative or mixed-methods study focused on VT among counselors working with these populations is desirable. Although working with a therapist is recommended, you could also practice these 4. Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among Colorado child protection workers. Upon Institutional Review Board approval, participants were recruited via email through listserv solicitation that included the Alabama Counseling Association, the American School Counselor Association, the American Counseling Association, and CESNET. See the Office for Victims of Crime toolkit1 for a glossary of terms related to vicarious trauma (https://ovc.ojp.gov/program/vtt/glossary-terms). But you're not alone. Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations. Summary The personal experience of treating rape victims is discussed in this paper from the perspective of vicarious traumatization and information processing theory. Staff have mentioned that L.R. Research on Social Work Practice, 14, 2735. 430 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1166A43C0DDA9A4581899351759148A4>]/Index[404 54]/Info 403 0 R/Length 119/Prev 168754/Root 405 0 R/Size 458/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream g/ Therapy is generally recommended to those affected by vicarious trauma. A therapist can provide time and space for individuals to discuss how experiences of trauma survivors have had an impact. Irritable behavior, angry outbursts, or acting aggressively? Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. Feeling very upset when something reminded you of the stressful experience? 32 0 obj <> endobj (2005). Penguin Books. By providing sufficient supervision during practicum and internship, counselor educators and supervisors can prepare CITs for coping with VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms should they develop. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2022.101909, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/09/11/how-the-in, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2021.100451, https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/analysis-effects-vicariou, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119185, Intrusive Thoughts: Removing the Pink Elephants in Your Head, Intrusive Thoughts: Don't Stare at the Pink Elephant, The Psychology Behind Weight Loss and Emotions, The Appeal, and the Peril, of Self-Diagnosis, Facts About Human Behavior That Defy Our Assumptions. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2008.tb00062.x, Ting, L., Jacobson, J. M., Sanders, S., Bride, B. E., & Harrington, D. (2005). The relationship between subthreshold PTSD symptoms and the Intrusion subscale was significant (r = .676, p < .001). 2016 CACREP standards. (2020). If youre a clinician looking for support, reaching out to a therapist can be a great starting point. The STSS is a 17-item self-report measure designed to assess helping professionals who may have experienced secondary traumatic stress and the frequency of intrusion, avoidance, and arousal symptoms (Bride et al., 2004; Ting, Jacobson, Sanders, Bride, & Harrington, 2005). Vicarious trauma is more complicated than secondary traumatic stress in that it focuses on the theory of what is occurring within the context of trauma counseling Taking too many risks or doing things that could cause you harm. xc```b``b`f``{ B,@Q , Repeated, disturbing dreams of the stressful experience? Bethany A. Lanier, NCC, is an assistant professor at the University of West Georgia. !z&_z.8!D\NHfUI4Zl}B>8P/&K:*>N]!9Jv(BNuP] }.~!JzT6bSS.@{IWz\=O/exZe|Vf=v,5! Lack of empathy is is a pervasive but overlooked condition that has grown out of an increasingly polarized social and political culture. From violent scenes depicted through conduits like the Internet, movies, news, or social media, to the traumatic experiences related to us by friends, co-workers, and family, such experiences can alter us psychologically. Further, novice counselors might have trouble establishing boundaries during the early stages of professional identify development, which can contribute to an increase in vulnerability for developing VT and subthreshold PTSD (Howlett & Collins, 2014). 25 0 obj <> endobj On the STSS, all symptoms were experienced to some degree by 49.5% of the participants. Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. Of the 220 respondents, 12 (5.5%) did not report how many years they have been in their current position, 8 (3.6%) reported being in their current position less than one year, 103 (10.9%) reported 13 years, 31 (14.1%) reported 45 years, 30 (13.6%) reported 610 years, and 36 (16.4%) reported being in their current position 10 or more years. R5O,YrYBw_'@oK" Dissociation is a natural mechanism your body uses to help you survive trauma. It will very squander the time. Having strong negative beliefs about yourself, other people, or the world (for example, having thoughts such as: I am bad, there is something seriously wrong with me, no one can be trusted, the world is completely dangerous)? Other staff members in medical settings such as nurses and medical assistants can also facilitate survivors healing. Participation was restricted to practicing mental health or school counselors who had a masters degree in counseling and had been a practicing counselor for at least 6 months at the time of the survey. More notably, with VT, researchers have found that such somatic and emotional artifacts (the memories shared by another source) can also imprint on the brain and body of the receiver (the person second-handedly seeing or hearing the account), much like first-hand trauma (Drapeau et al., 2022). Trauma (PTSD) can have a deep effect on the body, rewiring the nervous system but the brain remains flexible, and healing is possible. The results of the pilot study revealed the presence of vicarious trauma in general populations outside of health care. 23. The F change test indicated the observed F (2.255; p = .135) does not exceed the critical F (df = 1,162), which is 3.94. Instead of being drawn to social media sites with morbidly intrusive content, focus on things that bring you back to healthier perspectives like reading fiction, art, or a mindful walk. Earlier this year, my colleague, L.R., led an initiative at our clinic to integrate medication-assisted treatment for substance use disorder. Seeking supervision and your own therapy can help decrease instances of vicarious trauma and decrease your caseload if it is heavy with clients who have experienced trauma. 2. 0 Branson DC. Counselor educators and supervisors can provide trainings on the signs and symptoms of VT and subthreshold PTSD experienced by counselors to raise awareness of these symptoms and ways to recognize and alleviate them before causing harm to the counselor or client. This can aid in coping with caregiver stress for those who care for a family member. doi:10.1037/a0016081, Howlett, S. L., & Collins, A. Learning to re-orient away from the things that might continue to effect or invoke VT is important. After all, you do so much for other people. One of these variables is years of experience. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. The patient has been feeling more anxious recently and worries that something might happen to the children in her family if she is not constantly watching them. The researchers determined the frequency of VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms experienced among practicing counselors and common contributing factors that participants felt contributed to the development of VT symptoms. It has been recommended that such training should include the key features of trauma, warning signs and symptoms, and strategies to prevent the development of VT and subthreshold PTSD (Newell & MacNeil, 2010). Table 2 outlines the VT symptoms of participants as measured by the PCL-5 in descending order. WebVicarious Trauma Norton Professional s that you are looking for. It is imperative that [they] take time away from work to engage in outside interests.. Often, family physicians are vicariously exposed to the trauma of their patients as they share stories of domestic violence, war, gun violence, child abuse, homelessness, and life-changing diagnoses, including cancer and COVID-19. (1995). Morbid pre-occupation (e.g., doomscrolling), Physiological symptoms such as headaches, heartburn, and ulcers (Jimenez et al., 2021). Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Ogden P., & Fisher, J. doi:10.1177/153476569900500105. Everyone's path to fulfillment in life looks a little different. In addition to measuring VT symptoms, the first research question was developed to acquire an understanding of the frequency of subthreshold PTSD symptoms experienced by counselors. Empathic acceptance and increased vulnerability on the part of the counselor may increase the counselors likelihood of developing VT symptoms (Sommer, 2008). Best Practices in Mental Health, 6(2), 5768. Perhaps you are reading this now because someone told you something disturbing, or you saw something that you cannot shake from your memory. www.tendacademy.ca/resources-2/defining-vicarious-trauma-and-secondary-. WebPreventing vicarious trauma: What counselors should know when working with trauma survivors. For example, in a rural setting, the counselor may not have adequate supervision and may be overloaded with cases, which can decrease the amount of self-care they are able to implement. Tip 57: Trauma-informed care in behavioral health services. With subthreshold PTSD symptoms as the dependent variable and years of experience, work setting and type of clientele, and type of professional supports as the independent variables, a backward linear regression was run to understand the relationship between the variables in the restricted model of the regression. Being superalert or watchful or on guard? Though it might not feel like it at the time, trauma may lead to new growth in your relationships, beliefs, or worldviews. Such defensive coping literally reminds us to keep our eyes on the doom and gloom of things (e.g., doomscrolling). Preventing vicarious trauma: what counselors should know when working with trauma survivors. 2023 Center for Victims of Torture. Traumatology, 5, 1531. Trauma is our emotional reaction to impactful events such as life-threatening accidents, violent encounters, or socio-environmental disasters, according to the American Psychological Association. Just because you didnt experience trauma yourself doesnt mean what youre experiencing isnt real. Although all practicing counselors are at risk for VT and subthreshold PTSD, novice counselors are at an especially elevated risk (Michalopoulos & Aparicio, 2012; Parker & Henfield, 2012). It is hypothesized that work with seriously ill or injured children potentiates motivating, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. |h'5VH K The American Counseling Association (ACA) reports that Participants completed questionnaires about, This book explores the role and experience of the therapist in the therapeutic relationship by examining countertransference (the therapist's response to the client) and vicarious traumatization (the, Summary The personal experience of treating rape victims is discussed in this paper from the perspective of vicarious traumatization and information processing theory. One of the initial components to this process is understanding how VT and related symptoms of subthreshold PTSD develop and the variables or experiences that can contribute to higher levels of vulnerability to VT symptoms. 18 Science-Backed Reasons to Try Loving-Kindness Meditation, 5 Reasons We Dont Take Care of Ourselves, 7 Ways to Answer "What Do I Want to Do With My Life?". Send scenarios toafpjournal@aafp.org. Evidence-based practices that are effective for counseling these populations should be implemented within counselor education programs, supervision, workshops, and trainings outside of the degree program (e.g., at conferences; Alpert & Paulson, 1990; Mailloux, 2014; Whitfield & Kanter, 2014). Abstract Compassion fatigue, vicarious traumatisation and secondary traumatic stress, are all terms used to describe the potential emotional impact on health professionals of working with traumatised patients and clients. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Disaster and disaster response . A 35-year-old patient, J.P., presented to my office with difficulty sleeping and anxiety about job performance. Graduate-level education and training in child sexual abuse. Preventing vicarious trauma: What counselors should know when working with trauma survivors. Implications are presented for counselor educators to determine how they best can prepare students. 2023 Psych Central, a Healthline Media Company. Identifying the root cause is key to overcoming it. The contents of this website are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Other symptoms that were reported to have been experienced commonly by practicing counselors included having trouble falling or staying asleep (71.4%), having difficulty concentrating (70.9%), feeling distant or cut off from other people (68.2%), and feeling very upset when something reminded them of the stressful experience (66.8%). DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. Vicarious trauma: Proposed factors that impact clinicians. (2011). Thus, exclusion criteria removed five respondents from the data set for not meeting degree requirementsparticipants must have completed a masters degree in counseling (i.e., school counseling, clinical mental health counseling, rehabilitation counseling, family and marriage counseling). Adequate supervision has been identified as a protective factor against the development of VT (Harrison & Westwood, 2009). We become hypervigilant to others' traumatic material often without ever knowing what has happened. Of the participants, 217 (98.6%) reported they were over 19 years of age (range 2365, M = 39). In a backward regression, the PCL-5, measuring subthreshold PTSD symptoms, was entered as the dependent variable, and the subscales of the STSS, measuring VT symptoms, were entered as the independent variables. doi:10.1300/J137v11n03_09, Trippany, R. L., White Kress, V. E., & Wilcoxon, S. A. I had disturbing dreams about my work with clients. Get regular updates directly in your inbox. Neglecting self-care has been found to correspond to an increased rate for developing the negative effects of VT and subthreshold PTSD symptoms (Mailloux, 2014). Trouble experiencing positive feelings (for example, being unable to feel happiness or have loving feelings for people close to you)? endstream endobj startxref Here's how to know when to reach out for professional help. Responses range from 1 to 5 in Likert form (1 = never and 5 = very often). The medical portion of HealTorture.org is primarily, but not exclusively, geared to primary care providers (PCPs), including family doctors, internists, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. A linear regression was used to determine the relationship between VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms. (2008) suggested educational trainings and workshops be provided to CITs proactively to increase awareness of VT and subthreshold PTSD and to decrease VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms among practicing counselors. doi:10.15241/mpp.2.2.134, Schauben, L. J., & Frazier, P. A. The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Statements on the Intrusion subscale inquire about respondents intrusion symptomology on a Likert scale with statements such as My heart started pounding when I thought about my work with clients and I had disturbing dreams about my work with clients. The Avoidance subscale asks respondents to respond on a Likert scale to statements such as I felt emotionally numb and I had little interest in being around others. The final subscale, Arousal, asks respondents to respond on a Likert scale to statements such as I had trouble sleeping and I expected something bad to happen.. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 21, 225237. Preventing vicarious traumatization of mental health therapists: Identifying protective practices. Nelson, T. S. (2016). ho8t* "T/2Jn4 E{;!SZF"hM0D":!B)#41Xp,1%1:"Hab XtCna|F=l:i~JX[=g^qykt2.#9;(:L;:zVbOY#yQvt8@u09(zw\Y.?NG=R.=LKOiWcn! Trainees should be encouraged to self-monitor and discuss their responses with supervisors. I suspect that the patient's work might be causing these symptoms, but what is the best and most efficient way to confirm the source of J.P.'s stress? Cronbachs alpha for this study indicated high internal consistency (.96) and test-retest reliability of r = .84. (2015). Thus, it is important for professional counselors to have an understanding of the dynamics of trauma and interventions to use with clients. Both of these findings are important implications for counselor educators and supervisors as they can be initiated in the classroom while CITs are preparing for a career in the counseling profession. This finding is consistent with prior studies that indicate a manageable caseload as being a protective factor for counselors that can decrease their chance of developing both VT symptoms and subthreshold PTSD symptoms (Trippany et al., 2004). Without a doubt, trauma is a pervasive element of our existence. Today, with the increase of events from the onset of a pandemic, violence amidst social unrest, policing issues, road rage, airplane violence, and other various wilding behaviors, more people are exposed to second-hand accounts of these things. There was a significant negative correlation between VT symptoms and having a manageable caseload, indicating the more manageable caseload the counselor has, the fewer VT symptoms they have. 71 0 obj <>stream But this kind of reflexive orienting can interfere with your health, promoting ruminating and worry. Vicarious trauma in social workers: The role of trauma history, social support, and years of experience. (Ogden and Fisher, 2015). Members of a women psychologists' organization and a group of sexual violence, This study examined vicarious traumatization (i.e., the deleterious effects of trauma therapy on the therapist) in 188 self-identified trauma therapists. Many counselors who experience VT also meet the criteria for subthreshold PTSD and share similar symptoms (Keim et al., 2008). (_UA) TNd @[E7 R@re (d&@NjT\ZxCgtpP,X=dB Vicarious trauma, or counselors developing trauma reactions secondary to exposure to clients' traumatic experiences, is not uncommon. Pertinent DSM-5 Diagnoses . Preventing Vicarious Trauma: What Counselors Should Know When Working with Trauma Survivors. Secondary trauma, burnout, and compassion satisfaction are among the psychological, Professionals Perceptions of Vicarious Trauma From Working With Victims of Sexual Trauma by Tambria Hunt MA, Louisiana Tech University, 2005 BS, Louisiana State University-Shreveport, 2001, Mental health professionals in a variety of work settings regularly encounter clients who are trauma victims. The first linear regression model was interested in the relationship between VT symptoms and years of experience, work setting and type of clientele, and the number and type of professional supports among practicing counselors.

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