Reticular fibers are also formed from the same protein subunits as collagen fibers; however, these fibers remain narrow and are arrayed in a branching network. A. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers, B. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers, C. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers. Brown adipose tissue is thermogenic, meaning that as it breaks down fats, it releases metabolic heat, rather than producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a key molecule used in metabolism. The mast cell, found in connective tissue proper, has many cytoplasmic granules. Keratin is a protein that helps strengthen the cells against abrasion. . Lymph contains a liquid matrix and white blood cells. Cells circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix. This page titled 3.4: Connective Tissue is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative) . Connective tissues provide support and assist movement, store and transport energy molecules, protect against infections, and contribute to temperature homeostasis. Dense irregular connective tissue. The three broad categories of connective tissue are classified according to the characteristics of their ground substance and the types of fibers found within the matrix (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). This is a factor contributing to the very slow healing of cartilaginous tissues. Explain surface tension. Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose Reticular cells produce the reticular fibers that form the network onto which other cells attach. and you must attribute OpenStax. Some white blood cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines blood vessels and enter adjacent tissues. If the cobalt was initially at rest, use the conservation of momentum equation to determine its speed following the gamma ray emission. It can appear yellow and owes its color to carotene and related pigments from plant food. - Collagen fibersstrongest; resist tension. The number and type of adipocytes depends on the tissue and location, and vary among individuals in the population. Elastic cartilage can stretch and recoil to its original shape because of its high content of elastic fibers. Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? 1. the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid (surfactant) 2. a measure of the inward pull by interior particles. This arrangement gives the tissue greater strength in all directions and less strength in one particular direction. Structurally, all connective tissues contain cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix stabilized by proteins. Collagen fibers, while flexible, have great tensile strength, resist stretching, and give ligaments and tendons their characteristic resilience and strength. All of the preventive measures aim to increase the strength of the tendon and decrease the stress put on it. Cartilage and bone are supportive tissue. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers and contains large amounts of proteoglycans. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012), Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes that circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix. The proteoglycan attracts and traps available moisture forming the clear, viscous, colorless matrix you now know as ground substance. On rare occasions, a sudden serious injury will cause tendinitis. As we explained in Chapter 1, tissues are organized into organs such as the kidneys and heart. View the University of Michigan Webscope to explore the tissue sample in greater detail. Elastic fibers contain the protein elastin along with lesser amounts of other proteins and glycoproteins. Loose connective tissue is found between many organs where it acts both to absorb shock and bind tissues together. Lymphatic capillaries are extremely permeable, allowing larger molecules and excess fluid from interstitial spaces to enter the lymphatic vessels. Erythrocytes, red blood cells, transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide. The roots ped and pod mean "foot." The root phob means "fear." The root port means "to carry" or "bring." Secreted by fibroblasts, ground substance is made of polysaccharides, specifically hyaluronic acid, and proteins. The distinctive appearance of cartilage is due to polysaccharides called chondroitin sulfates, which bind with ground substance proteins to form proteoglycans. In this way, specialized lymphatic capillaries transport absorbed fats away from the intestine and deliver these molecules to the blood. 3. the stronger the attraction between particles, the greater the surface tension. Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. Connective tissue is a heterogeneous tissue class with assorted cell shapes and tissue architecture. Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body, mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries Blood Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances Location: within blood vessels Bone You hear of tennis and golfers elbow, jumpers knee, and swimmers shoulder. Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. Study the entries and answer the questions that follow. They originate in the mesodermal germ layer and differentiate from mesenchyme and hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow. These serve to hold organs and other tissues in place and, in the case of adipose tissue, isolate and store energy reserves. Function: Wraps and cushions organs, macrophages phagocytize bacteria, holds and conveys tissue fluid. . Bones rigid extracellular matrix contains mostly collagen fibers embedded in a mineralized ground substance containing hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate. Loose connective tissue proper includes adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and reticular tissue. Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. The proteoglycan attracts and traps available moisture forming the clear, viscous, colorless matrix you now know as ground substance. This is probably ________. (b) Dense irregular connective tissue consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network. Connective tissue is a heterogeneous tissue with many cell shapes and tissue architecture. Two major forms of supportive connective tissue, cartilage and bone, allow the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs. The matrix is the most abundant feature for loose tissue although adipose tissue does not have much extracellular matrix. Fibersfunction in support; secreted by fibroblasts. As you toss the ball high in the air, a burning pain shoots across your wrist and you drop the tennis racket. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo Examples of typical dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues consisting primarily of collagen fibers are shown in (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). Osteocytes, bone cells like chondrocytes, are located within lacunae. Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than does loose connective tissue. From top, LM 1000, LM 200. This arrangement gives the tissue greater strength in all directions and less strength in one particular direction. The matrix usually includes a large amount of extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells that are embedded within it. After examining your swollen wrist, the doctor in the emergency room announces that you have developed wrist tendinitis. Reticular cells produce the reticular fibers that form the network onto which other cells attach. In bone, the matrix is rigid and described as calcified because of the deposited calcium salts. Fibroblasts are the most abundant and secrete many protein fibers, adipocytes specialize in fat storage, hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow give rise to all the blood cells, chondrocytes form cartilage, and osteocytes form bone. It forms the lamina propria of mucus membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries. Lastly, found in between the deep fascia and the serous membranes, is the subserous fascia. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers and contains large amounts of proteoglycans. The mesenchymal cell is a multipotent adult stem cell. A plate of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bone allows continued growth until adulthood. 31 Transitional Epithelium Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal . Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. These serve to hold organs and other tissues in place and, in the case of adipose tissue, isolate and store energy reserves. Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. Between 4-16% of adults in the United States have experienced difficulty swallowing at some point during their lives. A few cells can be seen squeezed between the fibers. A histologist examines a tissue slide and observes many fibers tightly packed together in a parallel arrangement. Their effectiveness at storing large amounts of fat is witnessed in obese individuals. Cellularity Composed almost entirely of cells with minimal extra cellular material Specialized contacts Cells joined by special junctions to stick together and communicate. These fibers hold connective tissues together, even during the movement of the body. Reticular tissue is a mesh-like, supportive framework for soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, the spleen, and the liver (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). Jan 27, 2022 OpenStax. 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Most often, the condition results from repetitive motions over time that strain the tendons needed to perform the tasks. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology. LM 1600. -Located under epithelia and is widely distributed. citation tool such as, Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. The chemical nature and physical layout of the extracellular matrix and proteins vary enormously among tissues, reflecting the variety of functions that connective tissue fulfills in the body. - Reticular fibersbundles of special type of collagen. She recommends icing the tender area, taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication to ease the pain and to reduce swelling, and complete rest for a few weeks. Reticular tissue is a mesh-like, supportive framework for soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, the spleen, and the liver ([link]). When stimulated, macrophages release cytokines, small proteins that act as chemical messengers. It allows water, salts, and various nutrients to diffuse through to adjacent or embedded cells and tissues. Ligaments and tendons are made of dense regular connective tissue, but in ligaments not all fibers are parallel. Roaming, or free, macrophages move rapidly by amoeboid movement, engulfing infectious agents and cellular debris. In some tissues, fibers crisscross and form a mesh. All of these fiber types are embedded in ground substance. Fibroblasts are present in all connective tissue proper ([link]). Connective tissues come in a vast variety of forms, yet they typically have in common three characteristic components: cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, and protein fibers. Answer: Click at the bottom of the quiz for the answers. Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. The formed elements circulating in blood are all derived from hematopoietic stem cells located in bone marrow (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Persons whose jobs and hobbies involve performing the same movements over and over again are often at the greatest risk of tendinitis. The three main types of cartilage tissue are hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage ([link]). Loose connective tissue is found between many organs where it acts both to absorb shock and bind tissues together. Bone tissue is highly vascularized. Q. Reticular fiber is also formed from the same protein subunits as collagen fibers; however, these fibers remain narrow and are arrayed in a branching network. Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue synovial membrane connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication tight junction forms an impermeable barrier between cells tissue group of cells that are similar in form and perform related . Most widely distributed connective tissue / Soft, pliable tissue / Contains all fiber types / Can soak up excess fluid Adipose Tissue Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate / Many cells contain large lipid deposits / Functions: insulates the body, protects some organs, serves as a site of fuel storage Both tissues have a variety of cell types and protein fibers suspended in a viscous ground substance. It derives its name from the Latin reticulus, which means little net.. When irritated or damaged, mast cells release histamine, an inflammatory mediator, which causes vasodilation and increased blood flow at a site of injury or infection, along with itching, swelling, and redness you recognize as an allergic response. A second type of embryonic connective tissue forms in the umbilical cord, called mucous connective tissue or Whartons jelly. In bone, the matrix is rigid and described as calcified because of the deposited calcium salts. The amount and structure of each component correlates with the function of the tissue, from the rigid ground substance in bones supporting the body to the inclusion of specialized cells; for example, phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and also rid tissue of cellular debris are common in many connective tissues. energy storage, padding between joints and organs, heat conversion ( surrounds joints organs, dermis of skin) . Fibrocartilage is tough because of extra collagen fibers and forms, among other things, the intervertebral discs. It provides protection to internal organs and supports the body. Collagen fibers are made from fibrous protein subunits linked together to form a long and straight fiber. White adipose tissue can be found protecting the kidneys and cushioning the back of the eye. Brown adipose tissue is thermogenic, meaning that as it breaks down fats, it releases metabolic heat, rather than producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a key molecule used in metabolism. Cancellous bone is spongy and less solid than compact bone. Other cells move in and out of the connective tissue in response to chemical signals. The extracellular matrix contains fluid, proteins, polysaccharide derivatives, and, in the case of bone, mineral crystals. San Antonio College, Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen, ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative, Connective Tissue Fibers and Ground Substance, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology, Identify and distinguish between the types of connective tissue: proper, supportive, and fluid, Explain the functions of connective tissues. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. epithelial tissues or glands are classified based on: shape of cells, number of cell layers, and where secretions are released. . It stores fat for energy and provides insulation. These layers are organized into the superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia (Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\)). Blood is considered a specialized form of connective tissue. Tendinitis is routinely diagnosed through a clinical examination. In dense irregular connective tissue, the direction of fibers is random. Nonetheless, connective tissues have a common structural plan, and we use areolar connective tissue (ah-re 9 o-lar) as our prototype, or model (Figure 4 and Figure 4 . Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture? Dense regular elastic tissue contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers. Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than does loose connective tissue. The first connective tissue to develop in the embryo is mesenchyme, the stem cell line from which all connective tissues are later derived. It serves to connect the cutaneous membrane to the underlying organs. Surface Tension, the resistance of the surface to external forces is a result of the attraction of the molecules and the level of hydrogen bonding. That dull ache in the wrist that you ignored through the summer is now an unbearable pain. Wraps and cushions organs, plays a role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Connective tissue in the tendon does not have abundant blood supply and heals slowly. This type of tissue gives the walls of large arteries and respiratory passages strength and the ability to regain original shape after stretching. It is lighter than compact bone and found in the interior of some bones and at the end of long bones. . Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. The macrophage cells are an essential component of the immune system, which is the bodys defense against potential pathogens and degraded host cells. The external ear contains elastic cartilage. most widely distributed connective tissue; soft and pliable, can soak up excess fluid; Function: binds skin to underlying tissue, holds structures together. What attribute of collagen is the source of its great tensile strength? The number and type of adipocytes depends on the tissue and location, and vary among individuals in the population. While older adults are at risk for tendinitis because the elasticity of tendon tissue decreases with age, active people of all ages can develop tendinitis. Your opponent stands ready as you prepare to hit the serve, but you are confident that you will smash the ball past your opponent. There are two basic types of adipocytes: white and brown. Lymph drains into blood vessels, delivering molecules to the blood that could not otherwise directly enter the bloodstream. A few cells can be seen squeezed between the fibers. Three main types of fibers are secreted by fibroblasts: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Connective tissues perform many functions in the body, but most importantly, they support and connect other tissues; from the connective tissue sheath that surrounds muscle cells, to the tendons that attach muscles to bones, and to the skeleton that supports the positions of the body. One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. LM 1600. The major component of the matrix is a ground substance often crisscrossed by protein fibers. 1.361026. This tissue gives rigid support as well as elasticity. Adipocytes are cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm. Supportive connective tissuebone and cartilageprovide structure and strength to the body and protect soft tissues. The brown adipocytes store lipids as many droplets, and have high metabolic activity. Elastic fiber contains the protein elastin along with lesser amounts of other proteins and glycoproteins. Adipose. They are found throughout the body, but are most abundant in the reticular tissue of soft organs, such as liver and spleen, where they anchor and provide structural support to the parenchyma (the functional cells, blood vessels, and nerves of the organ). Adipose cells store surplus energy in the form of fat and contribute to the thermal insulation of the body. Start studying BIOLOGY CH2: TISSUE & ORGAN SYSTEM. Lymphatic capillaries are extremely permeable, allowing larger molecules and excess fluid from interstitial spaces to enter the lymphatic vessels. Tendinitis is routinely diagnosed through a clinical examination. Viscosity's resistance to flow is a combination of the size of the . Fibrocartilage is tough because it has thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix. Elastic cartilage can stretch and recoil to its original shape because of its high content of elastic fibers. What is the current? Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? Location: beneath skin, surrounds organs. A layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage. Surgical repair of a tendon is painful. Q. A histologist examines a tissue slide and observes many fibers tightly packed together in a parallel arrangement. As you have seen from the tissue types discussed above, the main role of connective tissues is to form the structural framework of the body. Clusters of mesenchymal cells are scattered throughout adult tissue and supply the cells needed for replacement and repair after a connective tissue injury.
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